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美國前總統吉米·卡特贏得2002年度諾貝爾和平獎。諾貝爾和平獎頒發給吉米·卡特是為了表彰他為尋求和平解決國際沖突所作出的不懈努力。他在領獎時抨擊美國對伊拉克的政策，并警告所謂的預防性戰爭可能具有“災難性”的后果。

據香港文匯報引述路透社報道，卡特在奧斯陸接受諾貝爾和平獎的講話中說：“強國采取預防性戰爭的原則可能樹立了一個可引致災難性后果的榜樣。”

卡特指出，戰爭永遠是邪惡的，雖然有時可能是必需的壞事。他強調“不應通過互相殺害來學習如何和平共處”。

卡特說：“我們必須記住，現今地球上有至少八個核武強國，其中三個正在國際關系緊張的地區威脅鄰國。”

但卡特亦說，伊拉克必須“全面遵守(聯合國)安理會的一致決定，廢除所有大殺傷力武器，并準許檢查員暢通無阻地進入各地點，以證實伊拉克遵守承諾”。

卡特亦呼吁國際社會接受聯合國的領導，以尋求和平及縮窄貧富懸殊，并稱戰爭永遠是邪惡的。

卡特說，踏入新的千禧年，全球在許多方面變得更危險，恐怖主義和內戰取代了二十世紀的冷戰。他說：“必須以和平配合強大的國際聯盟和共識來對付全球的挑戰。這最好是透過聯合國來進行，雖然它未必完美。”

YourMajesties,MembersoftheNorwegianNobelCommittee,Excellencies,LadiesandGentlemen:

ItiswithadeepsenseofgratitudethatIacceptthisprize.IamgratefultomywifeRosalynn,tomycolleaguesatTheCarterCenter,andtomanyotherswhocontinuetoseekanendtoviolenceandsufferingthroughouttheworld.ThescopeandcharacterofourCenter''''sactivitiesareperhapsunique,butinmanyotherwaystheyaretypicaloftheworkbeingdonebymanyhundredsofnongovernmentalorganizationsthatstriveforhumanrightsandpeace.

MostNobellaureateshavecarriedoutourworkinsafety,butthereareotherswhohaveactedwithgreatpersonalcourage.Nonehasprovidedmorevividremindersofthedangersofpeacemakingthantwoofmyfriends,AnwarSadatandYitzhakRabin,whogavetheirlivesforthecauseofpeaceintheMiddleEast.

Likethesetwoheroes,myfirstchosencareerwasinthemilitary,asasubmarineofficer.MyshipmatesandIrealizedthatwehadtobereadytofightifcombatwasforceduponus,andwewerepreparedtogiveourlivestodefendournationanditsprinciples.Atthesametime,wealwaysprayedferventlythatourreadinesswouldensurethattherewouldbenowar.

Later,aspresidentandasCommander-in-Chiefofourarmedforces,IwasoneofthosewhoborethesoberingresponsibilityofmaintainingglobalstabilityduringtheheightoftheColdWar,astheworld''''stwosuperpowersconfrontedeachother.Bothsidesunderstoodthatanunresolvedpoliticalaltercationoraseriousmisjudgmentcouldleadtoanuclearholocaust.InWashingtonandinMoscow,weknewthatwewouldhavelessthanahalfhourtorespondafterwelearnedthatintercontinentalmissileshadbeenlaunchedagainstus.Therehadtobeaconstantanddelicatebalancingofourgreatmilitarystrengthwithaggressivediplomacy,alwaysseekingtobuildfriendshipswithothernations,largeandsmall,thatsharedacommoncause.

Inthosedays,thenuclearandconventionalarmamentsoftheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionwerealmostequal,butdemocracyultimatelyprevailedbecauseofcommitmentstofreedomandhumanrights,notonlybypeopleinmycountryandthoseofourallies,butintheformerSovietempireaswell.Aspresident,IextendedmypublicsupportandencouragementtoAndreiSakharov,who,althoughdeniedtherighttoattendtheceremony,washonoredhereforhispersonalcommitmentstothesesameideals.

TheworldhaschangedgreatlysinceIlefttheWhiteHouse.Nowthereisonlyonesuperpower,withunprecedentedmilitaryandeconomicstrength.ThecomingbudgetforAmericanarmamentswillbegreaterthanthoseofthenextfifteennationscombined,andtherearetroopsfromtheUnitedStatesinmanycountriesthroughouttheworld.Ourgrossnationaleconomyexceedsthatofthethreecountriesthatfollowus,andournation''''svoicemostoftenprevailsasdecisionsaremadeconcerningtrade,humanitarianassistance,andtheallocationofglobalwealth.Thisdominantstatusisunlikelytochangeinourlifetimes.

GreatAmericanpowerandresponsibilityarenotunprecedented,andhavebeenusedwithrestraintandgreatbenefitinthepast.Wehavenotassumedthatsuperstrengthguaranteessuperwisdom,andwehaveconsistentlyreachedouttotheinternationalcommunitytoensurethatourownpowerandinfluencearetemperedbythebestcommonjudgment.

Withinourcountry,ultimatedecisionsaremadethroughdemocraticmeans,whichtendtomoderateradicalorill-advisedproposals.Constrainedandinspiredbyhistoricconstitutionalprinciples,ournationhasendeavoredformorethantwohundredyearstofollowthenowalmostuniversalidealsoffreedom,humanrights,andjusticeforall.

Ourpresident,WoodrowWilson,washonoredhereforpromotingtheLeagueofNations,whosetwobasicconceptswereprofoundlyimportant:"collectivesecurity"and"self-determination."Nowtheyareembeddedininternationallaw.Violationsofthesepremisesduringthelasthalf-centuryhavebeentragicfailures,aswasvividlydemonstratedwhentheSovietUnionattemptedtoconquerAfghanistanandwhenIraqinvadedKuwait.

Afterthesecondworldwar,AmericanSecretaryofStateCordellHullreceivedthisprizeforhisroleinfoundingtheUnitedNations.Hissuccessor,GeneralGeorgeC.Marshall,wasrecognizedbecauseofhiseffortstohelprebuildEurope,withoutexcludingthevanquishednationsofItalyandGermany.Thiswasahistoricexampleofrespectinghumanrightsattheinternationallevel.

Ladiesandgentlemen:

Twelveyearsago,PresidentMikhailGorbachevreceivedyourrecognitionforhispreeminentroleinendingtheColdWarthathadlastedfiftyyears.

Butinsteadofenteringamillenniumofpeace,theworldisnow,inmanyways,amoredangerousplace.Thegreatereaseoftravelandcommunicationhasnotbeenmatchedbyequalunderstandingandmutualrespect.Thereisaplethoraofcivilwars,unrestrainedbyrulesoftheGenevaConvention,withinwhichanoverwhelmingportionofthecasualtiesareunarmedcivilianswhohavenoabilitytodefendthemselves.Andrecentappallingactsofterrorismhaveremindedusthatnonations,evensuperpowers,areinvulnerable.

Itisclearthatglobalchallengesmustbemetwithanemphasisonpeace,inharmonywithothers,withstrongalliancesandinternationalconsensus.Imperfectasitmaybe,thereisnodoubtthatthiscanbestbedonethroughtheUnitedNations,whichRalphBunchedescribedhereinthissameforumasexhibitinga"fortunateflexibility"-notmerelytopreservepeacebutalsotomakechange,evenradicalchange,withoutviolence.

Hewentontosay:"Tosuggestthatwarcanpreventwarisabaseplayonwordsandadespicableformofwarmongering.Theobjectiveofanywhosincerelybelieveinpeaceclearlymustbetoexhausteveryhonorablerecourseintheefforttosavethepeace.Theworldhashadampleevidencethatwarbegetsonlyconditionsthatbegetfurtherwar."

Wemustrememberthattodaythereareatleasteightnuclearpowersonearth,andthreeofthemarethreateningtotheirneighborsinareasofgreatinternationaltension.Forpowerfulcountriestoadoptaprincipleofpreventivewarmaywellsetanexamplethatcanhavecatastrophicconsequences.

IfweacceptthepremisethattheUnitedNationsisthebestavenueforthemaintenanceofpeace,thenthecarefullyconsidereddecisionsoftheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilmustbeenforced.Alltoooften,thealternativehasproventobeuncontrollableviolenceandexpandingspheresofhostility.

Formorethanhalfacentury,followingthefoundingoftheStateofIsraelin1948,theMiddleEastconflicthasbeenasourceofworldwidetension.AtCampDavidin1978andinOsloin1993,Israelis,Egyptians,andPalestinianshaveendorsedtheonlyreasonableprescriptionforpeace:UnitedNationsResolution242.Itcondemnstheacquisitionofterritorybyforce,callsforwithdrawalofIsraelfromtheoccupiedterritories,andprovidesforIsraelistolivesecurelyandinharmonywiththeirneighbors.Thereisnoothermandatewhoseimplementationcouldmoreprofoundlyimproveinternationalrelationships.

PerhapsofmoreimmediateconcernisthenecessityforIraqtocomplyfullywiththeunanimousdecisionoftheSecurityCouncilthatiteliminateallweaponsofmassdestructionandpermitunimpededaccessbyinspectorstoconfirmthatthiscommitmenthasbeenhonored.Theworldinsiststhatthisbedone.

IthoughtoftenduringmyyearsintheWhiteHouseofanadmonitionthatwereceivedinoursmallschoolinPlains,Georgia,fromabelovedteacher,MissJuliaColeman.Sheoftensaid:"Wemustadjusttochangingtimesandstillholdtounchangingprinciples."

WhenIwasayoungboy,thissameteacheralsointroducedmetoLeoTolstoy''''snovel,"WarandPeace."Sheinterpretedthatpowerfulnarrativeasareminderthatthesimplehumanattributesofgoodnessandtruthcanovercomegreatpower.Shealsotaughtusthatanindividualisnotsweptalongonatideofinevitabilitybutcaninfluenceeventhegreatesthumanevents.

Thesepremiseshavebeenprovenbythelivesofmanyheroes,someofwhosenameswerelittleknownoutsidetheirownregionsuntiltheybecameNobellaureates:AlbertJohnLutuli,NormanBorlaug,DesmondTutu,ElieWiesel,AungSanSuuKyi,JodyWilliams,andevenAlbertSchweitzerandMotherTeresa.Alloftheseandothershaveproventhatevenwithoutgovernmentpower-andofteninoppositiontoit-individualscanenhancehumanrightsandwagepeace,activelyandeffectively.

TheNobelprizealsoprofoundlymagnifiedtheinspiringglobalinfluenceofMartinLutherKing,Jr.,thegreatestleaderthatmynativestatehaseverproduced.Onapersonalnote,itisunlikelythatmypoliticalcareerbeyondGeorgiawouldhavebeenpossiblewithoutthechangesbroughtaboutbythecivilrightsmovementintheAmericansouthandthroughoutournation.

OnthestepsofourmemorialtoAbrahamLincoln,Dr.Kingsaid:"IhaveadreamthatontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratatableofbrotherhood."

Thescourgeofracismhasnotbeenvanquished,eitherintheredhillsofourstateoraroundtheworld.Andyetweseeevermorefrequentmanifestationsofhisdreamofracialhealing.Inasymbolicbutverygenuineway,atleastinvolvingtwoGeorgians,itiscomingtrueinOslotoday.

Iamnothereasapublicofficial,butasacitizenofatroubledworldwhofindshopeinagrowingconsensusthatthegenerallyacceptedgoalsofsocietyarepeace,freedom,humanrights,environmentalquality,thealleviationofsuffering,andtheruleoflaw.

Duringthepastde世界秘書網版權所有cades,theinternationalcommunity,usuallyundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNations,hasstruggledtonegotiateglobalstandardsthatcanhelpusachievetheseessentialgoals.Theyinclude:theabolitionoflandminesandchemicalweapons;anendtothetesting,proliferation,andfurtherdeploymentofnuclearwarheads;constraintsonglobalwarming;prohibitionofthedeathpenalty,atleastforchildren;andaninternationalcriminalcourttodeterandtopunishwarcrimesandgenocide.Thoseagreementsalreadyadoptedmustbefullyimplemented,andothersshouldbepursuedaggressively.

Wemustalsostrivetocorrecttheinjusticeofeconomicsanctionsthatseektopenalizeabusiveleadersbutalltooofteninflictpunishmentonthosewhoarealreadysufferingfromtheabuse.

Theunchangingprinciplesoflifepredatemoderntimes.IworshipJesusChrist,whomweChristiansconsidertobethePrinceofPeace.AsaJew,hetaughtustocrossreligiousboundaries,inserviceandinlove.HerepeatedlyreachedoutandembracedRomanconquerors,otherGentiles,andeventhemoredespisedSamaritans.

Despitetheologicaldifferences,allgreatreligionssharecommoncommitmentsthatdefineouridealsecularrelationships.IamconvincedthatChristians,Muslims,Buddhists,Hindus,Jews,andotherscanembraceeachotherinacommonefforttoalleviatehumansufferingandtoespousepeace.

Butthepresenteraisachallenginganddisturbingtimeforthosewhoselivesareshapedbyreligiousfaithbasedonkindnesstowardeachother.Wehavebeenremindedthatcruelandinhumanactscanbederivedfromdistortedtheologicalbeliefs,assuicidebomberstakethelivesofinnocenthumanbeings,drapedfalselyinthecloakofGod''''swill.Withhorriblebrutality,neighborshavemassacredneighborsinEurope,Asia,andAfrica.

Inorderforushumanbeingstocommitourselvespersonallytotheinhumanityofwar,wefinditnecessaryfirsttodehumanizeouropponents,whichisinitselfaviolationofthebeliefsofallreligions.OncewecharacterizeouradversariesasbeyondthescopeofGod''''smercyandgrace,theirlivesloseallvalue.Wedenypersonalresponsibilitywhenweplantlandminesand,daysoryearslater,astrangertous-oftenachild-iscrippledorkilled.Fromagreatdistance,welaunchbombsormissileswithalmosttotalimpunity,andneverwanttoknowthenumberoridentityofthevictims.

AtthebeginningofthisnewmillenniumIwasaskedtodiscuss,hereinOslo,thegreatestchallengethattheworldfaces.Amongallthepossiblechoices,Idecidedthatthemostseriousanduniversalproblemisthegrowingchasmbetweentherichestandpoorestpeopleonearth.Citizensofthetenwealthiestcountriesarenowseventy-fivetimesricherthanthosewholiveinthetenpoorestones,andtheseparationisincreasingeveryyear,notonlybetweennationsbutalsowithinthem.Theresultsofthisdisparityarerootcausesofmostoftheworld''''sunresolvedproblems,includingstarvation,illiteracy,environmentaldegradation,violentconflict,andunnecessaryillnessesthatrangefromGuineawormtoHIV/AIDS.

MostworkofTheCarterCenterisinremotevillagesinthepoorestnationsofAfrica,andthereIhavewitnessedthecapacityofdestitutepeopletopersevereunderheartbreakingconditions.Ihavecometoadmiretheirjudgmentandwisdom,theircourageandfaith,andtheirawesomeaccomplishmentswhengivenachancetousetheirinnateabilities.

Buttragically,intheindustrializedworldthereisaterribleabsenceofunderstandingorconcernaboutthosewhoareenduringlivesofdespairandhopelessness.Wehavenotyetmadethecommitmenttosharewithothersanappreciablepartofourexcessivewealth.Thisisapotentiallyrewardingburdenthatweshouldallbewillingtoassume.

Ladiesandgentlemen:

Warmaysometimesbeanecessaryevil.Butnomatterhownecessary,itisalwaysanevil,neveragood.Wewillnotlearnhowtolivetogetherinpeacebykillingeachother''''schildren.

Thebondofourcommonhumanityisstrongerthanthedivisivenessofourfearsandprejudices.Godgivesusthecapacityforchoice.世界秘書網版權所有Wecanchoosetoalleviatesuffering.Wecanchoosetoworktogetherforpeace.Wecanmakethesechanges-andwemust.

Thankyou.